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J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2025;14(4): 504-513.
doi: 10.34172/jhp.2025.53143
  Abstract View: 23
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Original Article

Total flavonoid and phenolic contents, xanthine oxidase inhibition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Ya-Tom-Kae-Ka-Sai-Sen remedy, a traditional Thai medicine

Taweesak Dhammaraj 1* ORCID logo, Chiradet Lamlong 1 ORCID logo, Sainam Sriputthatham 1 ORCID logo, Waraporn Saentaweesuk 1 ORCID logo, Nuttapong Wichai 1* ORCID logo

1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
*Corresponding Authors: Taweesak Dhammaraj, Email: taweesak.d@msu.ac.th; Nuttapong Wichai, Email: nuttapong.w@msu.ac.th

Abstract

Introduction: Ya-Tom-Kae-Ka-Sai-Sen (KS) is a traditional Thai decoction used for muscle and joint pain relief. This study evaluated the phenolic and flavonoid contents, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of KS extracts.

Methods: Five KS extracts were prepared by refluxing with 95% ethanol (KS95ER), 50% ethanol (KS50ER), and water (KSWR), and by maceration with 95% ethanol (KS95EM) and 50% ethanol (KS50EM). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined. In vitro assays of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells were performed.

Results: Total phenolic content ranged from 71.45 to 116.57 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and total flavonoid content from 317.21 to 442.62 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g. The 95% ethanol extracts (KS95ER, KS95EM) showed the highest TFC (P < 0.05). At 1 mg/mL, ethanolic extracts showed superior in vitro XO inhibition (56.85–84.36%) compared to the aqueous extract (35.39%) (P < 0.05). KS95ER exhibited potent XO inhibition with an IC₅₀ of 181.00 µg/mL. Its DPPH scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 37.57 µg/mL) was comparable to ascorbic acid (P > 0.05). KS95ER and KS95EM showed the highest NO inhibition, with IC₅₀ values (90.29 and 78.13 µg/mL, respectively) that were comparable to indomethacin (P > 0.05). Furthermore, all extracts were found to be non-cytotoxic at the tested concentrations.

Conclusion: Ethanolic KS extracts, especially KS95ER and KS95EM, show potent XO inhibitory and antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting their traditional use and warranting further study for developing therapies for gout and inflammation.


Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:

This study offers the first scientific validation for the traditional use of the Ya-Tom-Kae-Ka-Sai-Sen (KS) remedy against gouty arthritis and other inflammatory, oxidative stress-related conditions. The findings provide a robust pharmacological basis to support the development of standardized KS extracts for clinical practice and guide future in vivo research by identifying the 95% ethanolic extracts as the most promising candidates to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Please cite this paper as: Dhammaraj T, Lamlong C, Sriputthatham S, Saentaweesuk W, Wichai N. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents, xanthine oxidase inhibition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Ya-Tom-Kae-Ka-Sai-Sen remedy, a traditional Thai medicine. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2025;14(4):504-513. doi: 10.34172/jhp.2025.53143.

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Submitted: 10 May 2025
Revision: 05 Sep 2025
Accepted: 08 Sep 2025
ePublished: 01 Oct 2025
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