Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 2345-5004 11 2 2022 04 01 Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. fruit extract rich in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages 278 285 10.34172/jhp.2022.33 EN Orapin Insuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4597-6387 Benchaluk Thongchuai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-2488 Supaporn Khamchun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-2450 Wimonrut Insuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-0667 Daoyot Daorueang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4904-2925 Plubplung Sansai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-0852 Journal Article 10.34172/jhp.2022.33 2022 01 06 2022 02 15 Introduction: Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg is a tropical fruit, which has been commonly used for healthy food and traditional herbal medicine. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of A. thwaitesianum fruit extract (AFE) rich in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: The chemical composition of AFE was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RAW264.7 cells were used as an in vitro inflammatory response model. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with various concentrations of AFE or 5-HMF and subsequently treated with LPS. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The production levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by the Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was examined by western blot analysis. Results: AFE had a high content of 5-HMF (61.03% ± 0.49%). Pre-treatment with AFE and 5-HMF markedly reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, namely NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α, in RAW264.7 cells; this reduction correlated with downregulation of iNOS expression. Conclusion: This study suggests that A. thwaitesianum fruit extract containing 5-HMF could modulate the LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α production and iNOS expression. A. thwaitesianum fruit extract rich in 5-HMF could be considered a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of inflammation.